Court decision
Ramos v. Louisiana (2020)
Supreme Court of the United States
Jury unanimity for serious criminal offenses in state court; later decisions address retroactivity. Official slip opinion; consult final publication and later authorities.
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Amendment VI
Ratified December 15, 1791
U.S. Constitution / Amendment VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
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The research file.
16 local PDFs for this amendment, with source details and a direct download for each. Start with an overview or follow a case.
Read each source in context. Court decisions and dated analyses are preserved as published. Later law may change their meaning. Sources marked as context explore related questions; they are not direct holdings on this amendment.
16 documents in this file
Court decision
Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156 (2012)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Ineffective assistance in rejecting a plea offer. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 134 (2012)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Defense counsel duties to communicate formal plea offers. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Defense counsel advice about the deportation consequences of a guilty plea. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Forensic laboratory certificates and the Confrontation Clause. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Application of the jury fact-finding rule to sentencing guidelines. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Testimonial statements and the right to confront adverse witnesses. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Jury findings for facts that increase a statutory maximum sentence. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647 (1992)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Delay and presumed prejudice in a speedy-trial claim. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Deficient performance and prejudice in ineffective-assistance claims. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Actual imprisonment and the misdemeanor right to appointed counsel. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
The right to counsel when a misdemeanor prosecution results in imprisonment. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
The balancing framework for constitutional speedy-trial claims. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66 (1970)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
The serious-offense threshold for the criminal jury-trial right. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
The right to jury trial in serious state criminal prosecutions. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
Court decision
Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Appointed counsel for indigent defendants in state felony prosecutions. Read as a historical decision alongside later authorities.
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