Court decision
Haaland v. Brackeen
Supreme Court of the United States
Examines congressional authority and anti-commandeering challenges involving the Indian Child Welfare Act.
Begin with the source
The original text.
Amendment X
Ratified December 15, 1791
U.S. Constitution / Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Original spelling and punctuation preserved.
Read. Compare. Follow the source.
The research file.
15 local PDFs for this amendment, with source details and a direct download for each. Start with an overview or follow a case.
Read each source in context. Court decisions and dated analyses are preserved as published. Later law may change their meaning. Sources marked as context explore related questions; they are not direct holdings on this amendment.
15 documents in this file
Court decision
Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association
Supreme Court of the United States
Explains anti-commandeering and distinguishes federal preemption from instructions to state legislatures.
Official analysis
Constitution Annotated: Tenth Amendment - Reserved Powers
Congressional Research Service / Government Publishing Office
Official 2016 analysis of the 10th Amendment and its judicial interpretation; a dated research reference, not a continuously updated edition.
Court decision
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Federalism context: examines commerce power, taxation, and coercive conditions on state Medicaid funding.
Court decision
Bond v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Addresses individual standing to challenge federal action on federalism and Tenth Amendment grounds.
Court decision
Reno v. Condon
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Distinguishes permissible regulation of state activities from commandeering in a driver-information privacy case.
Court decision
Printz v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Examines why Congress cannot compel state executive officers to administer federal background checks.
Court decision
New York v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Develops anti-commandeering principles by examining federal directions to state legislatures over radioactive waste.
Court decision
South Dakota v. Dole
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Federalism context: analyzes constitutional limits on conditions attached to federal highway funds.
Court decision
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Overrules National League of Cities and examines political safeguards of state interests in federal regulation.
Court decision
FERC v. Mississippi
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Examines federal energy regulation and state regulatory procedures under the Tenth Amendment.
Court decision
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Examines cooperative federal regulation and claims that mining standards impair state sovereignty.
Court decision
National League of Cities v. Usery
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Historical decision limiting federal regulation of state employment; expressly overruled by Garcia in 1985.
Court decision
United States v. Darby
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Explains the Tenth Amendment's relationship to federal commerce power in upholding labor standards.
Court decision
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court of the United States / Library of Congress
Foundational federalism context: discusses enumerated and implied national powers and state taxation of federal institutions.
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